Relationship between Learning English as a Foreign Language and the Executive Attention Profile in Spanish Schoolchildren / [Relación entre el aprendizaje del inglés como lengua extranjera y el perfil ejecutivo atencional en escolares españoles]

Executive functions are established as vital in learning, as well as in the development of psycholinguistic skills crucial to learning a second language. The present study analyzes relationships between variables linked to executive functioning and to academic achievement in English as a foreign language (EFL). The participants were 519 primary school students between the ages of 10 and 12. The results show a tendency to greater sustained and selective attention and consequently better attention control and concentration on task when academic achievement in English was higher. Our discriminant analysis verifies that sustained and selective attention, attention deficit, and concentration on task explain and predict group membership in EFL achievement groups (low, medium, and high achievement). It is important to plan activities to develop executive functioning, alongside the regular curriculum content, in order to improve learning and acquisition of psycholinguistic skills, the foundation for bilingualism or second-language learning.(AU)

Se constata la importancia de las funciones ejecutivas en el aprendizaje, así como en el desarrollo de habilidades psicolingüísticas cruciales para aprender un segundo idioma. En este estudio se analizan las relaciones entre variables vinculadas al funcionamiento ejecutiv y al rendimiento académico en lengua inglesa. Participaron 519 estudiantes de primaria de edades comprendidas entre 10 y 12 años. Los resultados evidencian la tendencia a una mayor atención sostenida y selectiva y en consecuencia un mejor control atencional y de concentración en la tarea cuando es mayor el rendimiento académico en lengua inglesa; el análisis discriminante efectuado verifica el carácter explicativo y predictivo de la atención sostenida y selectiva, el déficit atencional y la concentración en la tarea en la pertenencia de cada estudiante a los grupos (bajo, medio y alto) de rendimiento en dicha asignatura. Se constata la importancia de programar actuaciones para el desarrollo del funcionamiento ejecutivo en paralelo a las propiamente curriculares, para mejorar el aprendizaje y la adquisición de habilidades psicolingüísticas, base del bilingüismo o del aprendizaje de un segundo idioma.(AU)

Virtual reality and augmented reality as strategies for teaching social skills to individuals with intellectual disability: A systematic review.

Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) programs have proliferated significantly in recent years and they are finding their way into different educational and therapeutic purposes. This systematic review aims at analyzing the virtual reality and augmented reality programs designed to promote the development of social skills in individuals with intellectual disability. Searches were carried out in the Scopus, Science Direct, Springer and Web of Science databases in the period from 2005 to 2020. A total of six articles met the inclusion criteria. A descriptive data analysis was performed. The results show that the clinical profile of the individuals who participated in the interventions is diverse. It can be concluded that there is some scientific evidence that points to the usefulness of VR and AR in the development of intervention programs to improve the social skills of individuals diagnosed with developmental deficits. However, it is necessary to acknowledge methodological limitations such as the lack of control groups, follow-up measures and of generalization of the results.

Assessing Cyberbullying in Adolescence: New Evidence for the Spanish Version of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q).

The prevention of cyberbullying at school requires assessing its prevalence by means of brief measurement instruments with adequate psychometric properties. The present study aims to study the psychometric properties of the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q) in a sample of 1777 Spanish adolescents (54.1% women, M = 15.71 years; SD = 1.26), selected by stratified random cluster sampling. The two-factor model (victimization and aggression) displayed appropriate goodness of-fit indices. Configural measurement invariance model across gender was found. The omega reliability coefficient for the victimization subscale was 0.82, and for the aggression subscale was 0.68. The ECIP-Q scores were negatively associated with self-esteem and prosocial behavior, and positively associated with depression symptoms and emotional and behavioral difficulties. Significant differences were found between victim and non-victim groups, and between aggressor and non-aggressor groups on the same variables. Victims and aggressors scored lower on self-esteem, and higher on depression symptoms and emotional and behavioral difficulties than those not involved in cyberbullying situations. These findings contribute to demonstrate the satisfactory psychometric quality of the ECIP-Q scores as an assessment tool for cyberbullying in Spanish adolescents.

Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the European Bullying and Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaires (EBIP-Q and ECIP-Q).

BACKGROUND: In order to prevent school bullying and cyberbullying, brief measurement instruments with adequate psychometric properties are required. The objective of this study was to develop a combined reduced version of the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q) and the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q) for its use in the screening of bullying-related behaviors at school. METHOD: The sample consisted of 1777 students, between 14 and 18 years of age (M = 15.71; SD = 1.26), of which 54.1% were female. RESULTS: The resulting reduced version presents adequate psychometric properties with reliability coefficients between ω = .72 and ω = .82. Factor analyses indicate that both bullying and cyberbullying are structured around two factors: victimization and aggression. The correlations between the scores of the original version and the reduced version were adequate. Bullying and cyberbullying was associated with different indicators of socioemotional adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: The European Bullying and Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire Brief version (EBCIP-QB) seems to be brief, useful, and have adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of bullying and cyberbullying in Spanish adolescents.

Development and Validation of a Brief Version of the European Bullying and Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaires (EBIP-Q and ECIP-Q) / Desarrollo y Validación de una Versión Abreviada de los Cuestionarios European Bullying y Cyberbullying Intervention Project (EBIP-Q y ECIP-Q)

Background: In order to prevent school bullying and cyberbullying, brief measurement instruments with adequate psychometric properties are required. The objective of this study was to develop a combined reduced version of the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q) and the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q) for its use in the screening of bullying-related behaviors at school. Method: The sample consisted of 1777 students, between 14 and 18 years of age (M = 15.71; SD = 1.26), of which 54.1% were female. Results: The resulting reduced version presents adequate psychometric properties with reliability coefficients between ω = .72 and ω = .82. Factor analyses indicate that both bullying and cyberbullying are structured around two factors: victimization and aggression. The correlations between the scores of the original version and the reduced version were adequate. Bullying and cyberbullying was associated with different indicators of socioemotional adjustment. Conclusions: The European Bullying and Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire Brief version (EBCIP-QB) seems to be brief, useful, and have adequate psychometric properties for the assessment of bullying and cyberbullying in Spanish adolescents.(AU)

Antecedentes: la prevención del acoso y ciberacoso escolar requiere disponer de instrumentos de medida breves y con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido desarrollar una versión reducida conjunta de los instrumentos European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q) y European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q) para su uso en el cribado de conductas relacionadas con el acoso escolar. Método: la muestra la integran 1,777 estudiantes, de entre 14 y 18 años (M = 15.71 años; DT = 1.26), de los que el 54.1% son mujeres. Resultados: la versión reducida presenta un comportamiento psicométrico adecuado. Los coeficientes de fiabilidad estimados oscilan entre ω = .72 y ω =.82. Los análisis factoriales indican que tanto el acoso como el ciberacoso escolar se articulan en torno a dos factores: victimización y agresión. Las correlaciones entre las puntuaciones de la versiones original y reducida fueron adecuadas. El acoso y ciberacoso escolar se asoció con diferentes indicadores de ajuste socioemocional. Conclusiones: el Cuestionario Proyecto Europeo de Intervención contra el Acoso y el Ciberacoso - Breve (EBCIP-QB) parece ser un instrumento breve, sencillo y con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para la evaluación de las conductas de acoso y ciberacoso escolar en adolescentes españoles.(AU)

Technological Resources to Prevent Cyberbullying During Adolescence: The Cyberprogram 2.0 Program and the Cooperative Cybereduca 2.0 Videogame.

Bullying and cyberbullying have serious consequences for all those involved, especially the victims, and its prevalence is high throughout all the years of schooling, which emphasizes the importance of prevention. This article describes an intervention proposal, made up of a program (Cyberprogram 2.0 Garaigordobil and Martínez-Valderrey, 2014a) and a videogame (Cooperative Cybereduca 2.0 Garaigordobil and Martínez-Valderrey, 2016b) which aims to prevent and reduce cyberbullying during adolescence and which has been validated experimentally. The proposal has four objectives: (1) To know what bullying and cyberbullying are, to reflect on the people involved in these situations; (2) to become aware of the harm caused by such behaviors and the severe consequences for all involved; (3) to learn guidelines to prevent and deal with these situations: know what to do when one suffers this kind of violence or when observing that someone else is suffering it; and (4) to foster the development of social and emotional factors that inhibit violent behavior (e.g., communication, ethical-moral values, empathy, cooperation…). The proposal is structured around 25 activities to fulfill these goals and it ends with the videogame. The activities are carried out in the classroom, and the online video is the last activity, which represents the end of the intervention program. The videogame (www.cybereduca.com) is a trivial pursuit game with questions and answers related to bullying/cyberbullying. This cybernetic trivial pursuit is organized around a fantasy story, a comic that guides the game. The videogame contains 120 questions about 5 topics: cyberphenomena, computer technology and safety, cybersexuality, consequences of bullying/cyberbullying, and coping with bullying/cyberbullying. To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, a quasi-experimental design, with repeated pretest-posttest measures and control groups, was used. During the pretest and posttest stages, 8 assessment instruments were administered. The experimental group randomly received the intervention proposal, which consisted of one weekly 1-h session during the entire school year. The results obtained with the analyses of variance of the data collected before and after the intervention in the experimental and control groups showed that the proposal significantly promoted the following aspects in the experimental group: (1) a decrease in face-to-face bullying and cyberbullying behaviors, in different types of school violence, premeditated and impulsive aggressiveness, and in the use of aggressive conflict-resolution strategies; and (2) an increase of positive social behaviors, self-esteem, cooperative conflict-resolution strategies, and the capacity for empathy. The results provide empirical evidence for the proposal. The importance of implementing programs to prevent bullying in all its forms, from the beginning of schooling and throughout formal education, is discussed.

Efectos de Cyberprogram 2. 0 en factores del desarrollo socioemocional / Effects of Cyberprogram 2. 0 on Factors of Socio-Emotional Development. / Efeitos de Cyberprogram 2. 0 em fatores do desenvolvimento sócio-emocional.

Objetivo. Desde los años ochenta, la violencia entre iguales ha suscitado una gran preocupación dentro de la comunidad científica y ha generado un intenso debate social. El principal objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de un programa antibullying (Cyberprogram2.0) en factores del desarrollo socioemocional y en la violencia. Método. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 176 adolescentes españoles, de 13 a 15 años (77 hombres, 99 mujeres), de los cuales 93 fueron asignados aleatoriamente a la condición experimental y 83 a la de control. Se empleó un diseño cuasi-experimental postest con grupo de control equivalente. El programa contiene actividades para prevenir/reducir el bullying/cyberbullying. La intervención consistió en realizar 19 sesiones de una hora de duración durante un curso escolar. Al finalizar la intervención, se administró el Cuestionario de Evaluación del Programa CEP-Cyberprogram-2.0. Resultados. Los ANOVA postest confirmaron que el programa estimuló una mejora significativa de los experimentales en diversas cogniciones, emociones y conductas asociadas al desarrollo socioemocional y a la disminución de la violencia (F [41,134] = 58.82, p < 0.001; n² = 0.95; r = 0.97). La intervención afectó similarmente a ambos sexos. Conclusión. La discusión se centra en la importancia de implementar programas para prevenir la violencia y fomentar el desarrollo socioemocional.

Objective. Peer violence has raised much concern within the scientific community since the 1980s, generating an intense social debate. The main goal of the study was to assess the effects of an antibullying program (Cyberprogram 2,0) on factors of socio-emotional development and on violence. Method. A sample of 176 Spanish adolescents was used, aged between 13 and 15 years (77 males, 99 females), of whom 93 were randomly assigned to the experimental condition and 83 to the control condition. We used a quasi-experimental posttest design with an equivalent control group. The program contains activities to prevent and reduce bullying/ cyberbullying. The intervention consisted of 19 one-hour sessions carried out during the school term. After completing the intervention, the CEP-Cyberprogram-2.0 Assessment Questionnaire was administered. Results. The posttest ANOVAs confirmed that the program stimulated a significant improvement in the experimental adolescents in diverse cognitions, emotions, and behaviors associated with socio-emotional development and a decrease of violence, (F[41,134] = 58.82, p < 0.001; n² = 0.95; r = 0.97). The intervention affected both sexes similarly. Conclusion. The discussion focuses on the importance of implementing programs to prevent violence and promote socio-emotional development.

Escopo. Desde a década dos 80's, a violência entre iguais tem suscitado uma grande preocupação dentro da comunidade científica e tem gerado um intenso debate social. O principal objetivo de este estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um programa antibullying (Cyberprogram 2.0) em fatores do desenvolvimento sócio-emocional e na violência. Metodologia. A amostra esteve composta por 176 adolescentes espanhóis, de 13 a 15 anos (77 homens, 99 mulheres), dos quais 93 foram assignados aleatoriamente à condição experimental e 83 à de controle. Foi empregado um desenho quase-experimental post-teste com um grupo de controle equivalente. O controle contem atividades para prevenir/reduzir o bullying/cyberbullying. A intervenção consistiu em fazer 19 sessões de uma hora de duração durante um curso escolar. Ao finalizar a intervenção, foi administrado o Questionário de Avaliação do Programa CEP-Cyberprogram-2.0. Resultados. Os ANOVA post-teste confirmaram que o programa estimulou uma melhora significativa dos experimentais em diversas cognições, emociones e condutas associadas ao desenvolvimento sócio-emocional e à diminuição da violência (F[41,134] = 58.82, p < 0.001; n² = 0.95; r = 0.97). A intervenção afetou similarmente em ambos sexos. Conclusão. A discussão está centrada na importância de implementar programas para prevenir a violência e fomentar o desenvolvimento sócio-emocional.

Impact of Cyberprogram 2.0 on Different Types of School Violence and Aggressiveness.

Some antibullying interventions have shown positive outcomes with regard to reducing violence. The aim of the study was to experimentally assess the effects on school violence and aggressiveness of a program to prevent and reduce cyberbullying. The sample was comprised of a randomly selected sample of 176 adolescents (93 experimental, 83 control), aged 13-15 years. The study used a repeated measures pre-posttest design with a control group. Before and after the program, two assessment instruments were administered: the "Cuestionario de Violencia Escolar-Revisado" (CUVE-R [School Violence Questionnaire - Revised]; Álvarez-García et al., 2011) and the "Cuestionario de agresividad premeditada e impulsiva" (CAPI-A [Premeditated and Impulsive Aggressiveness Questionnaire]; Andreu, 2010). The intervention consisted of 19 one-hour sessions carried out during the school term. The program contains 25 activities with the following objectives: (1) to identify and conceptualize bullying/cyberbullying; (2) to analyze the consequences of bullying/cyberbullying, promoting participants' capacity to report such actions when they are discovered; (3) to develop coping strategies to prevent and reduce bullying/cyberbullying; and (4) to achieve other transversal goals, such as developing positive variables (empathy, active listening, social skills, constructive conflict resolution, etc.). The pre-posttest ANCOVAs confirmed that the program stimulated a decrease in: (1) diverse types of school violence-teachers' violence toward students (ridiculing or publicly humiliating students in front of the class, etc.); students' physical violence (fights, blows, shoves… aimed at the victim, or at his or her property, etc.); students' verbal violence (using offensive language, cruel, embarrassing, or insulting words… toward classmates and teachers); social exclusion (rejection or exclusion of a person or group, etc.), and violence through Information and Communication Technologies (ICT; violent behaviors by means of electronic instruments such as mobile phones and the Internet)-; and (2) premeditated and impulsive aggressiveness. Pre-posttest MANCOVA revealed differences between conditions with a medium effect size. This work contributes an efficacious intervention tool for the prevention and reduction of peer violence. The conclusions drawn from this study have interesting implications for educational and clinical intervention.

The Effectiveness of Cyberprogram 2.0 on Conflict Resolution Strategies and Self-Esteem.

PURPOSE: In recent years, the problem of youth violence has been a cause of increasing concern for educational and mental health professionals worldwide. The main objective of the study was to evaluate experimentally the effects of an anti-bullying/cyberbullying program (Cyberprogram 2.0; Pirámide Publishing, Madrid, Spain) on conflict resolution strategies and self-esteem. METHODS: A randomly selected sample of 176 Spanish adolescents aged 13-15 years (93 experimental, 83 control) was employed. The study used a repeated measures pretest-posttest design with a control group. Before and after the program (19 one-hour sessions), two assessment instruments were administered: the questionnaire for measuring conflict management message styles and the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. RESULTS: The analyses of covariance of the posttest scores confirmed that the program stimulated an increase of cooperative conflict resolution strategies, a decrease in aggressive and avoidant strategies, and an increase of self-esteem. The change was similar in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides evidence of the effectiveness of Cyberprogram 2.0 to improve the capacity for conflict resolution and self-esteem. The discussion focuses on the importance of implementing programs to promote socioemotional development and to prevent violence.

Bullying y cyberbulling: diferencias entre colegios públicos-privados y religiosos-laicos / Bullying and Cyberbullying: Differences between Public-Private and Religious-Secular Schools / Bullying e cyberbullying: diferenças entre escolas públicas-privadas e religiosas-laicas

Objetivo. Analizar diferencias en el bullying presencial y el cyberbulling entre colegios públicos-privados y religiosos-laicos. Método. Participaron 3026 adolescentes y jóvenes del País Vasco (España), de 12 a 18 años (48.5% varones y 51.5% mujeres). Se administró el Test Cyberbullying (Garaigordobil, 2013) para evaluar el bullying cara a cara y el cyberbulling. El diseño de investigación fue descriptivo y comparativo de corte transversal. Resultados. Los resultados evidenciaron: (a) la cantidad de conductas de bullying que sufren, realizan y observan es similar en centros públicos y privados; en cyberbulling la cantidad de conductas que sufren y realizan es similar, aunque en los centros privados se observa mayor cantidad de conductas; (b) el porcentaje de víctimas, agresores y observadores de bullying fue similar en centros públicos y privados; entre tanto, el porcentaje de cibervíctimas y ciberagresores fue similar, sin embargo el porcentaje de ciberobservadores fue mayor en los centros privados; (c) la cantidad de conductas de bullying y cyberbulling que sufren las víctimas y realizan los agresores fue similar en los centros religiosos y laicos, sin embargo en los religiosos se observaron más conductas de bullying y cyberbulling; y (d) se encontró un mayor porcentaje de agresores y observadores de bullying en centros religiosos, no obstante el porcentaje de víctimas de bullying, cibervíctimas, ciberagresores y ciberobservadores fue similar en los colegios religiosos y laicos. Conclusión. El debate se centra en la presencia del acoso en todos los centros educativos, con independencia del nivel socioeconómico y la orientación religiosa de los mismos.

Objective. The purpose of the study was to analyze the differences in presential bullying and cyberbullying between public-private and religious-secular schools. Method. Participants were 3,026 adolescents from the Basque Country (Spain), aged between 12 and 18 years, (48.5% males and 51.5% females). The Cyberbullying Test (Garaigordobil, 2013) was administered to assess "face-to-face" bullying and cyberbullying. The investigation used a descriptive and comparative cross-sectional design. Results. The results showed: (a) in bullying, the quantity of behaviors suffered, carried out, and observed is similar in public and private centers; in cyberbullying, the quantity of behaviors suffered and carried out is similar, but a greater number of behaviors is observed in private centers; (b) in bullying, the percentage of victims, aggressors, and observers was similar in public and private centers; in cyber-bullying, the percentage of cyber-victims and cyber-aggressors was similar, but the percentage of cyber-observers was higher in private centers; (c) the quantity of bullying and cyberbullying behaviors suffered by victims and carried out by aggressors was similar in religious and secular centers, but in religious centers, more bullying and cyberbullying behaviors were observed; and (d) in bullying, a higher percentage of aggressors and observers was found in religious centers, but the percentage of victims of bullying, cyber-victims, cyber-aggressors, and cyber-observers was similar in religious and secular schools. Conclusion. The debate focuses on the presence of bullying in all the schools, independently of their socioeconomic level and religious orientation.

Escopo. Analisar diferenças no bullying presencial e o cyberbullying entre escolas públicas -privadas e religiosas- laicas. Metodologia. Participaram 3026 adolescentes e jovens do País Vasco (Espanha) de 12 a 18 anos de idade (48.5% homens e 51.5% mulheres). Foi administrado o Test Cyberbullying (Garaigordobil, 2013) para avaliar o bullying cara a cara e o cyberbullying. O desenho de pesquisa foi descritivo e comparativo de corte transversal. Resultados. Os resultados evidenciaram: a) que a quantidade de condutas de bullying que sofrem, realizam e observam é similar em centros públicos e privados; em cyberbullying a quantidade de condutas que sofrem e realizam é similar, ainda que nos centros privados foram observados uma maior quantidade de condutas; b) que a porcentagem de vitimas, agressores e observadores de bullying foi similar em centros públicos e privados; entre tanto, a porcentagem de cyber-vitimas e cyber-agressores foi similar, contudo, a porcentagem de cyber-observadores foi maior nos centros privados; c) que a quantidade de condutas de bullying e cyberbullying que sofrem as vitimas e realizam os agressores foi similar nos centros religiosos e laicos, contudo, nos religiosos foram observadas mais condutas de bullying e cyberbullying; e d) foi achada uma maior porcentagem de agressores e observadores de bullying em centros religiosos, contudo, a porcentagem de vitimas de bullying, cyber-vitimas, cyber-agressores e cyber-observadores foi similar em escolas religiosas e laicas. Conclusão. O debate está centrado na presencia do acosso em todos os centros educativos com independência do nível socioeconómico e a orientação religiosa.

Effects of Cyberprogram 2.0 on 'face-to-face' bullying, cyberbullying, and empathy / Efectos del Cyberprogram 2.0 en el bullying 'cara-a-cara', el cyberbullying y la empatía

BACKGROUND: The considerable prevalence of cyberbullying and its noxious effects on all those concerned reveals the need for programs to prevent and/or intervene in this type of violence. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Cyberprogram 2.0 on "face-to-face" bullying, cyberbullying, and empathy. METHOD: A sample of 176 adolescents of the Basque Country (Spain), aged between 13 and 15 years, who studied Compulsory Secondary Education, was used. Of them, 93 were randomly assigned to the experimental condition, and 83 to the control condition. The study used a pretest-posttest repeated measures design with a control group. Before and after the program, two assessment instruments were administered. RESULTS: The results confirmed that the program significantly stimulated: (a) a decrease in the amount of bullying and cyberbullying behaviors suffered and/or carried out (level of victimization, perpetration, aggressive-victimization); and (b) an increase in the capacity for empathy. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides evidence of the effectiveness of Cyberprogram 2.0 to prevent and reduce bullying and cyberbullying. The discussion analyzes aspects of the program that may account for the significant intervention effects

ANTECEDENTES: la relevante prevalencia del cyberbullying y sus nocivos efectos sobre todos los implicados evidencia la necesidad de plantear programas para prevenir y/o intervenir sobre este tipo de violencia. El estudio tuvo como objetivos evaluar los efectos de Cyberprogram 2.0 en las conductas de bullying "cara-a-cara", de cyberbullying y en la empatía. MÉTODO: se utilizó una muestra de 176 adolescentes del País Vasco (España), de 13 a 15 años, que cursan Educación Secundaria Obligatoria. Aleatoriamente, 93 fueron asignados a la condición experimental y 83 a la de control. El estudio utilizó un diseño de medidas repetidas pretest-postest con grupo de control. Antes y después del programa se administraron dos instrumentos de evaluación. RESULTADOS: los resultados confirmaron que el programa estimuló significativamente: (a) una disminución de la cantidad de conductas de bullying y cyberbullying que se sufren y/o realizan (nivel de victimización, perpetración, victimización-agresiva); y (b) un aumento de la capacidad de empatía. CONCLUSIONES: el estudio aporta evidencia de la eficacia de Cyberprogram 2.0 para prevenir y reducir el bullying y el cyberbullying. La discusión analiza aspectos del programa que pueden explicar los significativos efectos de la intervención

Effects of Cyberprogram 2.0 on "face-to-face" bullying, cyberbullying, and empathy.

BACKGROUND: The considerable prevalence of cyberbullying and its noxious effects on all those concerned reveals the need for programs to prevent and/or intervene in this type of violence. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of Cyberprogram 2.0 on "face-to-face" bullying, cyberbullying, and empathy. METHOD: A sample of 176 adolescents of the Basque Country (Spain), aged between 13 and 15 years, who studied Compulsory Secondary Education, was used. Of them, 93 were randomly assigned to the experimental condition, and 83 to the control condition. The study used a pretest-posttest repeated measures design with a control group. Before and after the program, two assessment instruments were administered. RESULTS: The results confirmed that the program significantly stimulated: (a) a decrease in the amount of bullying and cyberbullying behaviors suffered and/or carried out (level of victimization, perpetration, aggressive-victimization); and (b) an increase in the capacity for empathy. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides evidence of the effectiveness of Cyberprogram 2.0 to prevent and reduce bullying and cyberbullying. The discussion analyzes aspects of the program that may account for the significant intervention effects.

Conducta antisocial: conexión con emociones positivas y variables predictoras / Antisocial behavior: Connection with positive emotions and predictor variables

El estudio tuvo dos objetivos: 1) Explorar las relaciones que existen entre la conducta antisocial (autoevaluada y evaluada por los padres) y variables como empatía, inteligencia emocional, autoestima, y dimensiones de personalidad (neuroticismo, extraversión, apertura, amabilidad, responsabilidad), e 2) Identificar variables que predicen la conducta antisocial. La muestra fue de 3.026 participantes de 12 a 18 años. Con un diseño descriptivo y correlacional se administraron 6 instrumentos de evaluación. Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes y jóvenes de ambos sexos, con altas puntuaciones en conducta antisocial tenían significativamente: 1) menor capacidad de empatía (para ponerse en el punto de vista de otro); 2) menor capacidad de regulación emocional (control de estados emocionales); 3) menor nivel de amabilidad (cordialidad, altruismo); 4) menor nivel de responsabilidad (voluntad para lograr objetivos académicos); 5) mayor nivel de neuroticismo (inestabilidad emocional, sentimientos negativos); y 6) mayor nivel de extraversión (sociabilidad, asertividad, excitación). Las relaciones entre conducta antisocial y autoestima no fueron concluyentes. Bajo nivel de empatía, de amabilidad, de responsabilidad, alto nivel de neuroticismo, de extraversión, y mayor edad predijeron la conducta antisocial. La discusión enfatiza la importancia de implementar programas que fomenten el desarrollo socioemocional (comunicación, empatía, emociones, conducta prosocial…) para prevenir la conducta antisocial (AU)

The study had two goals: 1) To explore the relations between antisocial behavior (self-assessed and parent-assessed) and variables such as empathy, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and personality dimensions (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, responsibility); and 2) To identify variables that predict antisocial behavior. The sample is made up of 3,026 participants aged between 12 and 18 years. Using a descriptive and correlational design, 6 assessment instruments were administered. The results showed that adolescents young people of both sexes, with high scores in antisocial behavior had significantly: 1) less capacity for empathy (take on the other’s viewpoint); 2) less capacity for emotional regulation (control of moods); 3) lower level of agreeableness (cordiality, altruism); 4) lower level of responsibility (will to achieve academic goals); 5) higher level of neuroticism (emotional instability, negative feelings); and 6) higher level of extraversion (sociability, assertiveness, excitement). The relations between antisocial behavior and self-esteem were inconclusive. Low levels of empathy, agreeableness, and responsibility, and high levels of neuroticism, extraversion, and being older predicted antisocial behavior. The discussion emphasizes the importance of implementing programs that promote socio-emotional development (communication, empathy, emotions, prosocialbehavior…) to prevent antisocial behavior (AU)